Built environment and physical activity in adolescents: Use of the kernel density estimation and the walkability index.

The availability of places for physical activity (PA) and the walkability of the neighborhood can impact the level of PA of adolescents. However, studies of this nature are still limited in Latin America. This study had two objectives: 1- using kernel density estimative, it investigated whether individuals living near PA places that are more intensely distributed than dispersed are more likely to be sufficiently active; 2-checked whether adolescents who live in neighborhoods with better walkability have a greater chance of being sufficiently active. Were evaluated 292 adolescents and PA was measured by accelerometry. Were measured five environmental variables for composing the walkability index. 98 PA points (places) were identified and destinations within these areas were geocoded and kernel density estimates (KDE) of places intensity were created using kernels (radius) of 400m (meters), 800, 1200 and 1600m. Using Logistic Regression, the association between the intensity of PA places (classified into quartiles Q1(smallest)-Q4(largest)) and the probability of being "Sufficient PA"; and the association between walkability (quartiles Q1(least)-Q4(highest)) and the probability of being "PA Sufficient " were estimated (p≤0.05). There were associations only for the intensities of places with the largest radius. Among adolescents who lived in places with higher intensity compared with lower intensity places: 1200m (Q3, OR 2.18 95% CI 1.12-4.22; Q4, OR 2.77 95% CI 1.41-5.43) and 1600m (Q3, OR 3.68 95%CI 1.86-7.30; Q4, OR 3.69 95%CI 1.86-7.30) were more likely to be "Sufficient PA". There were also associations for walkability, where those living in places with better walkability (Q4, OR 2.58 95% CI 1.33-5.02) had greater chances of being "Sufficient PA" compared to Q1. In conclusion, living in places with bigger densities and better walkability increases adolescent's chances of being "Sufficient PA".

Ecological correlates related to adolescent movement behaviors: A latent class analysis.

The ecological model has been widely used to help researchers understand the multiple influences in the physical activity (PA) and in the sedentary behaviors in isolated forms. To date, few correlates concerning the behavioral groupings of PA and sedentary behaviors have been studied. In this context, this study aimed to identify movement behaviors' latent classes related to the different adolescents' PA and sedentary time expressions, as well as their associations with individual, sociodemographic, family, and environmental correlates. This is a cross-sectional study with 309 students aged between 14 and 16. Latent Class Analysis was used to identify movement behavior classes based on light PA, moderate to vigorous PA, number of steps, sedentary time, and screen time (ST). An accelerometer was used to evaluate movement behaviors. The individual, sociodemographic, family, and environmental correlates were assessed by questionnaires. Three classes were identified: Class 1, "Active and Non-Sedentary" (8.10% of the sample), Class 2, "Active and Sedentary" (28.5%), and Class 3, "Inactive and Sedentary" (63.4%). Those with low fruit intake, low aerobic fitness, stressed and whose head of the family obtained an 'elementary school' level education were, respectively, 7.17, 3.59, 3.56, and 4.40 times more likely to belong to class 3 than class 1. Those with medium and high socioeconomic status were 82% and 83% less likely to belong to class 1 than classes 2 and 3, respectively. Adolescents who perceived the neighborhoods with the best access to diversified land use, street connectivity, walking/pedaling ease, and traffic safety attributes, were 84%, 85%, 82%, and 82%, respectively less likely to belong to class 1 than class 2. It is concluded that distinct correlates can be associated with the movement behaviors classes.

Adolescent's movement behaviors and built environment: a latent class analysis.

BACKGROUND: Latent class analysis (LCA) is an alternative and innovative approach to verify the relation of the various combinations of the constructed environment and movement behavior (levels of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep) characteristics. This study aimed to identify latent classes based on the characteristics of the neighborhood environment perceived by adolescents and their association with gender, socioeconomic status (SS), body composition and movement behaviors. METHODS: This cross-sectional study includes 309 Brazilian adolescents (14 to 16 years old, 57% female). The characteristics of the neighborhood environment perceived were analyzed by the Neighborhood Walkability for Youth Scale. Accelerometers were used for a week to evaluate the movement behaviors. Questionnaires assessed the screen times, total sitting time (TST), and sociodemographic characteristics. LCA was used for modeling the "Perceived Enviroment" variable, having been conducted in the poLCA (Polychromous Variable Latent Class Analysis) package of the R statistical software. RESULTS: Three classes were recognized: class 1, "Best Perceived Environment" with 23.03% of adolescents; class 2, "Moderate Perceived Environment", 63.33%; and class 3, "Worst Perceived Environment", 13.67%. Light physical activity (LPA), TST, and SS were associated with class prevalence. The adolescents with medium and low SS were, respectively, 3.42 (95% CI 1.62-7.21) and 4.18 (95% CI 1.66-10.50) more likely to belong to class 2, and those with low SS were 5.21 (95% CI 1.35-20.13) more likely to belong to class 3. Class 1 adolescents were associated with a lower chance (OR: 0.09, 95% CI 0.02-0.55) of involvement in 'adequate LPA time' compared to class 3. Class 1 adolescents were associated with a lower chance (OR: 0.31, 95% CI 0.12-0.79) of involvement in 'adequate TST' compared to class 2. There was a difference between the LPA and TST classes; class 3 presented a longer time in LPA than class 1; class 1 had higher TST than the other classes. CONCLUSION: The findings highlight the influence of neighborhood classes on adolescents' LPA and TST.

Associação do sexo, rede de ensino e turno escolar com os níveis de intensidade das atividades diárias de crianças medidos por acelerometria / Association between gender, education network and scholar shifts with intensity levels of childrens daily activities measured by accelerometry / Relación entre sexo, sistema educativo y jornada escolar con niveles de intensidad de las actividades diarias de los niños medidos mediante acelerometría

Resumo Este estudo teve o objetivo de analisar as atividades físicas (AF) de crianças em relação às recomendações de AF (RAF) e as influências do sexo, rede de ensino e turno escolar. Foram avaliados 101 escolares de escolas públicas e privadas e turnos matutino e vespertino. Os dados foram coletados por acelerômetros durante três dias. Foi usado Teste t Student para as comparações entre o sexo, rede de ensino e turno escolar (p < 0,05). O tempo em atendimento às RAF em minutos por dia foram: Sexo: masculino = 171,01 ± 43,35 e feminino = 198,85 ± 53,47; rede de ensino: pública = 198,93 ± 48,85 e privada = 157,32 ± 40,34; turno escolar: matutino = 198,76 ± 47,64 e vespertino = 167,68 ± 47,75. O sexo femino, a escola pública e o turno matutino apresentaram maior nível de AF.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze childrens physical activities (PA) in relation to PA recomendations (PAR) and influences of gender, educational network and scholar shifts. Were assessed 101 scholars from both private and public school systems, morning and afternoon shifts. The data was collected by accelerometers during 3 days. The Student t test was applied for comparisions between gender, educational network and scholar shifts (p < 0,05). The time attending the PAR in minutes per day were: Gender: male =171.01 ± 43.35 and female =198.85 ± 53.47; educational network: public = 198.93 ± 48.85 and private = 157.32 ± 40.34; scholar shift: morning =198.76 ± 47.64 and afternoon = 167.68 ± 47.75. The female gender, public school and morning shifts presenteed higher levels of PA.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las actividades físicas (AF) de los niños en relación con las recomendaciones de AF (RAF) y las influencias del sexo, el sistema educativo y la jornada escolar. Se evaluó a 101niños de escuelas públicas y privadas, y de los turnos de mañana y tarde. Los datos fueron recogidos por acelerómetros durante 3días. Se utilizó la prueba de la t de Student para realizar las comparaciones entre sexos, sistema educativo y jornada escolar (p < 0,05). El tiempo en el cumplimiento de las RAF en cuestión de minutos por día fueron para el sexo masculino = 171,01 ± 43,35 y para el sexo femenino = 198,85 ± 53,47; para el sistema educativo público = 198,93 ± 48,85 y para el sistema educativo privado = 157,32 ± 40,34; para la jornada escolar de mañana = 198,76 ± 47,64 y para la de tarde = 167,68 ± 47,75. El sexo femino, la escuela pública y el turno de mañana tuvieron mayor nivel de AF.

Análise de indicadores de saúde de pacientes com diabetes atendidos pelo Centro Hiperdia de Viçosa / Analysis of health indicators in patients with diabetes treated at Hiperdia Center of Viçosa

A prevalência de diabetes mellitus está sendo considerada uma epidemia global, com 382 milhões de pessoas atualmenteafetadas em todo o mundo e previsão de aumento para 592 milhões para o ano 2035. Atualmente, o Brasil é o quarto paísno mundo em número de diabetes. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever as características epidemiológicasde indivíduos com diabetes mellitus atendidos no Centro Hiperdia da cidade de Viçosa-MG, considerando característicassociodemográficos, fatores de risco modificáveis e não modificáveis. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, quantitativo,documental e de corte transversal. Foram analisados 547 prontuários, sendo 218 inativos e 329 pacientes ativos. Aanálise dos pacientes ativos demonstrou que 51% do número total de pacientes apresentavam diabetes mellitus tipo 2associada à hipertensão. Em relação aos pacientes ativos, 72% apresentavam baixa renda familiar, 74% apresentavambaixa escolaridade, 74%, 78% e 57% apresentavam hipertensão arterial, sobrepeso/obesidade, inatividade física,respectivamente. A presença de dois ou mais antecedentes familiares para doenças coronarianas e metabólicas foiencontrada em 79% dos pacientes. A análise da glicemia de jejum e pós-prandial demonstrou valores inadequados emmais de 50% dos pacientes ativos. Os pacientes com diabetes atendidos pelo Centro Hiperdia de Viçosa apresentaramtanto fatores de risco modificáveis quanto não modificáveis, sendo ambos complicadores para o controle do diabetese de um bom estado de saúde.(AU)

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is being considered a global epidemic, with 382 million people currently affectedworldwide and increase forecast for 592 million for the year 2035. Currently, Brazil is the fourth country in the world innumber of diabetes. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics of individuals with diabetes mellitustreated at Hiperdia Center of Viçosa-MG, considering socio demographic, modifiable risk factors and not modifiable.This is a descriptive study, quantitative, documentary and cross-sectional. 547 records were analyzed, 218 retireesand 329 active patients. The analysis of the active patients showed that 51% of the total number of patients had ahigher prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with hypertension. In relation to active patients, 72% had lowfamily income, 74% had low education, 74%, 78 % and 57% had high prevalence of hypertension, overweight/obesity,physical inactivity, respectively. The presence of two or more family history of coronary and metabolic diseases wasfound in 79% of patients. The analysis of fasting and postprandial proved inadequate values by more than 50% of theactive patients. Patients with diabetes attended by the Hiperdia Center of Viçosapresented in addition to the diseaseitself, modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, both being complicating for diabetes control and a good health.(AU)

Análise de indicadores de saúde de pacientes com diabetes atendidos pelo Centro Hiperdia de Viçosa / Analysis of health indicators in patients with diabetes treated at Hiperdia Center of Viçosa

A prevalência de diabetes mellitus está sendo considerada uma epidemia global, com 382 milhões de pessoas atualmente afetadas em todo o mundo e previsão de aumento para 592 milhões para o ano 2035. Atualmente, o Brasil é o quarto país no mundo em número de diabetes. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever as características epidemiológicas de indivíduos com diabetes mellitus atendidos no Centro Hiperdia da cidade de Viçosa-MG, considerando características sociodemográficos, fatores de risco modificáveis e não modificáveis. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, quantitativo, documental e de corte transversal. Foram analisados 547 prontuários, sendo 218 inativos e 329 pacientes ativos. A análise dos pacientes ativos demonstrou que 51% do número total de pacientes apresentavam diabetes mellitus tipo 2 associada à hipertensão. Em relação aos pacientes ativos, 72% apresentavam baixa renda familiar, 74% apresentavam baixa escolaridade, 74%, 78% e 57% apresentavam hipertensão arterial, sobrepeso/obesidade, inatividade física, respectivamente. A presença de dois ou mais antecedentes familiares para doenças coronarianas e metabólicas foi encontrada em 79% dos pacientes. A análise da glicemia de jejum e pós-prandial demonstrou valores inadequados em mais de 50% dos pacientes ativos. Os pacientes com diabetes atendidos pelo Centro Hiperdia de Viçosa apresentaram tanto fatores de risco modificáveis quanto não modificáveis, sendo ambos complicadores para o controle do diabetes e de um bom estado de saúde.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is being considered a global epidemic, with 382 million people currently affected worldwide and increase forecast for 592 million for the year 2035. Currently, Brazil is the fourth country in the world in number of diabetes. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics of individuals with diabetes mellitus treated at Hiperdia Center of Viçosa-MG, considering socio demographic, modifiable risk factors and not modifiable. This is a descriptive study, quantitative, documentary and cross-sectional. 547 records were analyzed, 218 retirees and 329 active patients. The analysis of the active patients showed that 51% of the total number of patients had a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with hypertension. In relation to active patients, 72% had low family income, 74% had low education, 74%, 78 % and 57% had high prevalence of hypertension, overweight/obesity, physical inactivity, respectively. The presence of two or more family history of coronary and metabolic diseases was found in 79% of patients. The analysis of fasting and postprandial proved inadequate values by more than 50% of the active patients. Patients with diabetes attended by the Hiperdia Center of Viçosapresented in addition to the disease itself, modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, both being complicating for diabetes control and a good health

Análise do Comportamento Sedentário de Escolares por sexo, tipo de escola e turno escolar / Analysis of Sedentary Behavior of School by sex, type of school and school day

O comportamento sedentário tem sido associado a diversos problemas de saúde, e a escola tem sido apontada como uma das possíveis responsáveis pelo aumento desse comportamento. O presente estudo objetivou analisar o comportamento sedentário de escolares com 10 anos de idade em suas atividades diárias por sexo, rede de ensino, turno escolar e nas janelas de tempo: manhã, tarde e noite. Participaram 101 crianças, de ambos os sexos. Utilizou-se o acelerômetro Actigraph (GT3X) durante três dias consecutivos para quantificar o comportamento sedentário em contagens/minuto. Foram aplicados os seguintes testes estatísticos: Kolmogorov-Smirnov para testar a normalidade dos dados, o teste t de Student para comparar o comportamento sedentário entre sexos, rede de ensino e turno escolar e ANOVA de medidas repetidas e post-hoc de Tukey para as diferenças entre as médias das contagens/minuto por turno nas três janelas de tempo. Calculou-se o tamanho do efeito por meio do "eta-squared (η 2 )". Não houve diferença significativa na comparação do comportamento sedentário entre os sexos, rede de ensino e turno escolar em relação à contagem/minuto diária. Quando analisados os turnos separadamente, verificou-se diferença significativa entre as janelas de tempo do turno matutino X2 (2)=26,42; p<0,001 e vespertino X 2 (2)=12,61; p<0,002 com um tamanho de efeito médio para ambos os tipos. Notou-se que tanto o turno matutino quanto o turno vespertino apresentam maior comportamento sedentário (p<0,05) no período da noite, seguidas pelo período da manhã e tarde Analisando o comportamento sedentário entre os turnos matutino e vespertino em cada uma das três janelas de tempo verificou-se que não houve diferenças significativas em nenhuma das três janelas de tempo [manhã (p=0,240), tarde (p=0,067) e noite (p=0,311)]. Conclui-se que as crianças são mais sedentárias na janela de tempo noturna.(AU)

Sedentary behavior has been associated to adverse health problems, and the school has been pointed as one of the possible reasons for the increases in this behavior. This study aim was to analyze the sedentary behavior of students with 10 years in their daily activities by gender, school system, school shift and the time windows: morning, afternoon and evening. 101 children of both sexes participated. We used the Actigraph accelerometer (GT3X) for three consecutive days to measure sedentary behaviors in counts/minute. We used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to test the normality of the data, Student's t test to compare sedentary behavior between sexes, school system, school shift and repeated measures ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey differences between the average counts/minutes per shift in three time windows. We calculated the effect size through "eta-squared (η2)". There was no significant difference in the comparison of sedentary behavior between the sexes, school system and school shift in relation to the count/minute daily. When analyzed separately the shifts, there was a significant difference between the morning shift time window X2 (2)=26,42; p<0,001 and the afternoon shift X2 (2)=12,61; p<0,002 with a medium effect size for both types. It was noted that both the morning shift and the afternoon shift have higher sedentary behavior (p<0.05) in the evening, followed by the morning and afternoon. Analyzing sedentary behavior between the morning and afternoon shifts in each of the three time-windows it was found that there were no significant differences in any of the three time windows [morning (p=0.240), afternoon (p=0.067) and evening (p= 0.311)]. It was concluded that children are more sedentary in overnight time window.(AU)